Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are a distinct and dynamic glial population that retain proliferative and migratory capacities throughout life. While traditionally recognized for differentiating into oligodendrocytes (OLs) and generating myelin to support rapid nerve conduction, OPCs are now increasingly appreciated for their diverse and non-canonical roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including direct interactions with neurons. A notable feature of OPCs is their expression of diverse ion channels that orchestrate essential cellular functions, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Given their widespread distribution across the CNS, OPCs are increasingly recognized as active contributors to the development and progression of various neurological disorders. This review aims to present a detailed summary of the physiological and pathological functions of ion channels in OPCs, emphasizing their contribution to CNS dysfunction. We further highlight recent advances suggesting that ion channels in OPCs may serve as promising therapeutic targets across a broad range of disorders, including, but not limited to, multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), psychiatric disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and neuropathic pain (NP). Finally, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting OPC ion channel function, offering insights into potential future directions in the treatment of CNS diseases.