BACKGROUND

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) serve as crucial biomarkers for diagnosing systemic autoimmune diseases; however, their interpretation can be complex and may not always correlate with clinical symptoms.

METHODS

A comprehensive narrative review was conducted to evaluate the peer-reviewed literature published between 1961 and 2025. Databases, including PubMed and Scopus, were searched using combinations of controlled vocabulary and free-text terms relating to antinuclear antibodies and their clinical significance. The objective was to gather and synthesize information regarding the diagnostic utility and interpretation of ANA testing in routine medical practice.

DISCUSSION

The indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) on HEp-2 cells is established as the gold standard for detecting ANAs, facilitating the classification of various fluorescent patterns. While a positive ANA test can suggest autoimmune disorders, the presence and titre must be interpreted alongside clinical findings, as low titres often lack diagnostic significance. Findings indicate that titres higher than 1:160 may provide greater specificity in differentiating true positives from false positives in healthy individuals. The study also emphasizes the relevance of fluorescence patterns, with specific patterns linked to particular diseases, although many do not have strong clinical correlations. Moreover, certain autoantibodies demonstrate high specificity for diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Ultimately, while ANA testing is invaluable for diagnosing connective tissue diseases, healthcare providers must consider its limitations to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

ANA testing is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of connective tissue diseases, but its interpretation must be approached with caution. Clinical context remains crucial when evaluating ANA results to avoid misdiagnosis and overtreatment. This review is about the diagnostic aspects and clinical consequences of ANA testing, as well as highlighting both the diagnostic benefits and the potential limitations of this procedure in everyday clinical practice. The review fills a gap in the literature by integrating the diagnostic and clinical aspects of ANA testing, with a focus on real-world interpretation challenges.