Ap4A in Cancer: A Multifaceted Regulator and Emerging Therapeutic Target.

Diadenosine polyphosphates, including diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), are ubiquitous nucleotides that are present across diverse life forms, gaining considerable interest due to their role as cellular signaling molecules. Ap4A, in particular, has been extensively researched in various biological systems, especially under conditions of environmental stress. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the current knowledge surrounding Ap4A, focusing on its biosynthesis and degradation pathways, the identification of Ap4A protein targets and the molecular mechanisms underlying its action. Furthermore, this review aims to examine the interplay between the various pathogenetic mechanisms driving tumor development and the potential role of Ap4A which emerges as pivotal signaling molecules orchestrating cellular responses to environmental challenges, positioning them at the nexus of cancer adaptation and progression.