Kim Suyeon, Shakeri Afrooz, Darabi Seyed Shayan, Kim Eunsik, Kim Kyongwon
Department of Statistics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
Department of Mechanical, Automotive, and Materials Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
Sensors (Basel). 2025 Jul 23;25(15):4566. doi: 10.3390/s25154566.
Ergonomic risk classification during manual lifting tasks is crucial for the prevention of workplace injuries. This study addresses the challenge of classifying lifting task risk levels (low, medium, and high risk, labeled as 0, 1, and 2) using multi-modal time-series data comprising raw facial landmarks and bio-signals (electrocardiography [ECG] and electrodermal activity [EDA]). Classifying such data presents inherent challenges due to multi-source information, temporal dynamics, and class imbalance. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a Multi-Adaptive Functional Neural Network (Multi-AdaFNN), a novel method that integrates functional data analysis with deep learning techniques. The proposed model introduces a novel adaptive basis layer composed of micro-networks tailored to each individual time-series feature, enabling end-to-end learning of discriminative temporal patterns directly from raw data. The Multi-AdaFNN approach was evaluated across five distinct dataset configurations: (1) facial landmarks only, (2) bio-signals only, (3) full fusion of all available features, (4) a reduced-dimensionality set of 12 selected facial landmark trajectories, and (5) the same reduced set combined with bio-signals. Performance was rigorously assessed using 100 independent stratified splits (70% training and 30% testing) and optimized via a weighted cross-entropy loss function to manage class imbalance effectively. The results demonstrated that the integrated approach, fusing facial landmarks and bio-signals, achieved the highest classification accuracy and robustness. Furthermore, the adaptive basis functions revealed specific phases within lifting tasks critical for risk prediction. These findings underscore the efficacy and transparency of the Multi-AdaFNN framework for multi-modal ergonomic risk assessment, highlighting its potential for real-time monitoring and proactive injury prevention in industrial environments.
在人工搬运任务中进行人体工程学风险分类对于预防工作场所受伤至关重要。本研究解决了使用包含原始面部地标和生物信号(心电图[ECG]和皮肤电活动[EDA])的多模态时间序列数据对搬运任务风险水平(低、中、高风险,分别标记为0、1和2)进行分类的挑战。由于多源信息、时间动态性和类别不平衡,对这类数据进行分类存在固有挑战。为了克服这些挑战,本文提出了一种多自适应功能神经网络(Multi-AdaFNN),这是一种将功能数据分析与深度学习技术相结合的新颖方法。所提出的模型引入了一个新颖的自适应基底层,该层由针对每个单独时间序列特征定制的微网络组成,能够直接从原始数据中进行判别性时间模式的端到端学习。Multi-AdaFNN方法在五种不同的数据集配置上进行了评估:(1)仅面部地标,(2)仅生物信号,(3)所有可用特征的完全融合,(4)12条选定面部地标轨迹的降维集,以及(5)相同的降维集与生物信号相结合。使用100次独立分层分割(70%训练和30%测试)对性能进行了严格评估,并通过加权交叉熵损失函数进行优化,以有效管理类别不平衡。结果表明,融合面部地标和生物信号的集成方法实现了最高的分类准确率和鲁棒性。此外,自适应基函数揭示了搬运任务中对风险预测至关重要的特定阶段。这些发现强调了Multi-AdaFNN框架在多模态人体工程学风险评估中的有效性和透明度,突出了其在工业环境中进行实时监测和主动预防伤害的潜力。