Kalahasty Rohan, Yerrapragada Gayathri, Lee Jieun, Gopalakrishnan Keerthy, Kaur Avneet, Muddaloor Pratyusha, Sood Divyanshi, Parikh Charmy, Gohri Jay, Panjwani Gianeshwaree Alias Rachna, Asadimanesh Naghmeh, Ansari Rabiah Aslam, Rapolu Swetha, Elangovan Poonguzhali, Karuppiah Shiva Sankari, Dasari Vijaya M, Helgeson Scott A, Akshintala Venkata S, Arunachalam Shivaram P
Digital Engineering & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (DEAL), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Wright Medical Center, Scranton, PA 18503, USA.
Sensors (Basel). 2025 Jul 31;25(15):4735. doi: 10.3390/s25154735.
Accurate diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases typically requires invasive procedures or imaging studies that pose the risk of various post-procedural complications or involve radiation exposure. Bowel sounds (BSs), though typically described during a GI-focused physical exam, are highly inaccurate and variable, with low clinical value in diagnosis. Interpretation of the acoustic characteristics of BSs, i.e., using a phonoenterogram (PEG), may aid in diagnosing various GI conditions non-invasively. Use of artificial intelligence (AI) and improvements in computational analysis can enhance the use of PEGs in different GI diseases and lead to a non-invasive, cost-effective diagnostic modality that has not been explored before. The purpose of this work was to develop an automated AI model, You Only Listen Once (YOLO), to detect prominent bowel sounds that can enable real-time analysis for future GI disease detection and diagnosis. A total of 110 2-minute PEGs sampled at 44.1 kHz were recorded using the Eko DUO stethoscope from eight healthy volunteers at two locations, namely, left upper quadrant (LUQ) and right lower quadrant (RLQ) after IRB approval. The datasets were annotated by trained physicians, categorizing BSs as prominent or obscure using version 1.7 of Label Studio Software. Each BS recording was split up into 375 ms segments with 200 ms overlap for real-time BS detection. Each segment was binned based on whether it contained a prominent BS, resulting in a dataset of 36,149 non-prominent segments and 6435 prominent segments. Our dataset was divided into training, validation, and test sets (60/20/20% split). A 1D-CNN augmented transformer was trained to classify these segments via the input of Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients. The developed AI model achieved area under the receiver operating curve (ROC) of 0.92, accuracy of 86.6%, precision of 86.85%, and recall of 86.08%. This shows that the 1D-CNN augmented transformer with Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients achieved creditable performance metrics, signifying the YOLO model's capability to classify prominent bowel sounds that can be further analyzed for various GI diseases. This proof-of-concept study in healthy volunteers demonstrates that automated BS detection can pave the way for developing more intuitive and efficient AI-PEG devices that can be trained and utilized to diagnose various GI conditions. To ensure the robustness and generalizability of these findings, further investigations encompassing a broader cohort, inclusive of both healthy and disease states are needed.
胃肠道(GI)疾病的准确诊断通常需要侵入性检查或影像学研究,这些检查存在各种术后并发症的风险或涉及辐射暴露。肠鸣音(BSs)虽然通常在以胃肠道为重点的体格检查中被描述,但准确性极低且变化很大,在诊断中临床价值不大。对肠鸣音的声学特征进行解读,即使用肠音图(PEG),可能有助于非侵入性地诊断各种胃肠道疾病。人工智能(AI)的应用和计算分析的改进可以提高PEG在不同胃肠道疾病中的应用,并带来一种前所未有的非侵入性、经济高效的诊断方式。这项工作的目的是开发一种自动人工智能模型,即“你只需听一次”(YOLO),以检测突出的肠鸣音,从而实现对未来胃肠道疾病检测和诊断的实时分析。在获得机构审查委员会(IRB)批准后,使用Eko DUO听诊器从8名健康志愿者的两个部位,即左上腹(LUQ)和右下腹(RLQ),共采集了110个以44.1 kHz采样的2分钟肠音图。数据集由训练有素的医生进行标注,使用Label Studio软件1.7版本将肠鸣音分类为突出或不明显。每个肠鸣音记录被分割成375毫秒的片段,重叠200毫秒用于实时肠鸣音检测。每个片段根据是否包含突出的肠鸣音进行分类,从而得到一个包含36149个非突出片段和6435个突出片段的数据集。我们的数据集被分为训练集、验证集和测试集(60/20/20%的划分)。通过输入梅尔频率倒谱系数,训练一个1D-CNN增强变压器对这些片段进行分类。所开发的人工智能模型在受试者操作特征曲线(ROC)下的面积为0.92,准确率为86.6%,精确率为86.85%,召回率为86.08%。这表明具有梅尔频率倒谱系数的1D-CNN增强变压器取得了可信的性能指标,表明YOLO模型有能力对突出的肠鸣音进行分类,这些肠鸣音可用于进一步分析各种胃肠道疾病。这项在健康志愿者中进行的概念验证研究表明,自动肠鸣音检测可为开发更直观、高效的人工智能-肠音图设备铺平道路,这些设备可经过训练并用于诊断各种胃肠道疾病。为确保这些发现的稳健性和普遍性,需要进行更广泛的研究,包括更广泛的人群,涵盖健康和疾病状态。
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