Image Sensor-Based Three-Dimensional Visible Light Positioning for Various Environments.

Research on image sensor (IS)-based visible light positioning systems has attracted widespread attention. However, when the receiver is tilted or under a single LED, the positioning system can only achieve two-dimensional (2D) positioning and requires the assistance of inertial measurement units (IMU). When the LED is not captured or decoding fails, the system's positioning error increases further. Thus, we propose a novel three-dimensional (3D) visible light positioning system based on image sensors for various environments. Specifically, (1) we use IMU to obtain the receiver's state and calculate the receiver's 2D position. Then, we fit the height-size curve to calculate the receiver's height, avoiding the coordinate iteration error in traditional 3D positioning methods. (2) When no LED or decoding fails, we propose a firefly-assisted unscented particle filter (FA-UPF) algorithm to predict the receiver's position, achieving high-precision dynamic positioning. The experimental results show that the system positioning error under a single LED is within 10 cm, and the average positioning error through FA-UPF under no light source is 6.45 cm.