Tools for the Approach of Fear, Anxiety, and Stress in the Domestic Feline: An Update.

Domestic cats are one of the most popular pets worldwide. Despite their growing popularity, there remains a significant gap in understanding their specific needs, leading to frequent challenges in human-cat coexistence and behavioral issues. The distinct emotional systems of cats, compared to other domestic species and humans, complicate the interpretation of feline behavior. Notably, fear, anxiety, and stress are among the most prevalent behavioral problems in cats. This review delves into the core concepts of anxiety, fear, and stress responses in domestic cats, highlighting their unique characteristics and providing recommendations for effective handling. Additionally, it presents some key international recommendations for creating a "cat-friendly" environment, as well as suggestions for pharmacological management to ensure a stress-free visit to the clinic for the cat, its caretaker, and the veterinary team.