Gut microbiota-mediated betaine regulates skeletal muscle fiber type transition by affecting mA RNA methylation and expression.

Skeletal muscle fiber composition is essential for maintaining muscle function and overall health. Growing evidence underscores the pivotal role of the gut-muscle axis in mediating the influence of gut microbiota on skeletal muscle development. However, the mechanisms underlying microbiota-mediated regulation of skeletal muscle fiber type remain unclear. Here, we employed multi-omics approaches, including RNA-seq, MeRIP-seq, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metabolomics, to investigate the causal relationship between the gut microbiota and skeletal muscle fiber transition. Our results demonstrate that the gut microbiota modulates skeletal muscle fiber transition by influencing N6-methyladenosine (mA) methylation to regulate the expression of the slow-twitch fiber marker . Specifically, METTL3-dependent mA methylation enhances gene expression, leading to an increased proportion of slow-twitch fibers and a reduction in fast-twitch fibers. Furthermore, the microbiota-derived methyl donor betaine promotes expression and () abundance, and facilitates fast-to-slow fiber conversion via mA modification. The transplantation of significantly altered betaine levels and mA modification, thereby promoting muscle fiber remodeling. In conclusion, these findings reveal that -coordinated betaine drives skeletal muscle fiber conversion by modulating mRNA expression. This study provides novel insights into the role of mA RNA methylation in the gut-muscle crosstalk, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for muscle-related disorders.