Shabannejad Marjan, Nourbakhsh Mohammad Sadegh, Nezafati Nader, Nazemi Zahra, Nemati Firouzeh
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, Semnan, 35131-19111, Iran.
Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Alborz, 3177983634, Iran.
Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 18;15(1):30214. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15611-7.
This study investigated how varying degrees of oxidation (DO) affect the physicochemical and biological properties of tragacanth gum (TG). The oxidized tragacanth gum (OTG) was characterized using multiple analytical techniques: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (¹H NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheological analysis. In this study, the highest level of oxidation reached 57%, indicating effective oxidation of TG. While aldehyde peaks were not clearly visible in the FTIR spectrum due to their existence in masked hemiacetal form, NMR analysis revealed a new peak at 5.38 ppm. The absence of an expected aldehyde peak at 9.7 ppm further supported hemiacetal formation. SEM analysis demonstrated that with increasing oxidation degree, the pore size decreased to (23 ± 0.8) µm. In addition, higher DO resulted in decreased rheological properties and thermal stability, while the introduced aldehyde groups conferred antibacterial properties on the modified gum. The blood compatibility test results for TG and OTG samples show less than 0.2% and 1% hemolysis, respectively. Furthermore, cell viability remained above 85% after three days of cell culture, thoroughly verifying the safety of the synthetic material for medical applications.
本研究调查了不同程度的氧化（DO）如何影响黄芪胶（TG）的物理化学和生物学特性。使用多种分析技术对氧化黄芪胶（OTG）进行了表征：傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、质子核磁共振光谱（¹H NMR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、热重分析（TGA）、差示扫描量热法（DSC）、流变学分析。在本研究中，最高氧化水平达到57%，表明TG发生了有效氧化。虽然由于醛以半缩醛形式存在，在FTIR光谱中醛峰不清晰可见，但核磁共振分析在5.38 ppm处发现了一个新峰。在9.7 ppm处未出现预期的醛峰进一步支持了半缩醛的形成。SEM分析表明，随着氧化程度的增加，孔径减小至(23±0.8) µm。此外，较高的DO导致流变学性能和热稳定性降低，而引入的醛基赋予了改性胶抗菌性能。TG和OTG样品的血液相容性测试结果分别显示溶血率低于0.2%和1%。此外，细胞培养三天后细胞活力保持在85%以上，充分验证了该合成材料在医学应用中的安全性。
