Garzia Diego, Ferreira da Silva Frederico
Assistant Professor, Institute of Political Studies, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Senior Researcher, Institute of Political Studies, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Public Opin Q. 2025 May 28;89(2):459-467. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfaf013. eCollection 2025.
Recent research has mapped levels of affective polarization worldwide. However, our current knowledge of the longitudinal patterns of in- and out-party affect, the two constitutive terms of affective polarization, remains limited. This manuscript expands the comparative and longitudinal scope of existing studies using national election study data from 143 elections across 12 Western democracies collected since the 1960s. The analysis expands previous descriptive accounts of levels of in- and out-party affect, reports levels of in-party love and out-party hate, and inspects longitudinal changes in the polarity of affect with a composite measure tapping the relative weight of in- and out-party feelings. The findings show a generalized decline of out-party evaluations and a growing prevalence of out-party hate versus in-party love over time. While citizens may not be more polarized than before in most Western democracies, contemporary affective polarization is more heavily characterized by a disproportionate weight of out-group dislike.
最近的研究绘制了全球情感两极分化的程度。然而，我们目前对情感两极分化的两个构成要素——党内和党外情感的纵向模式的了解仍然有限。本手稿利用自20世纪60年代以来在12个西方民主国家进行的143次选举的全国选举研究数据，扩大了现有研究的比较和纵向范围。该分析扩展了之前对党内和党外情感程度的描述性说明，报告了党内喜爱和党外仇恨的程度，并用一种综合衡量方法考察了情感极性的纵向变化，该方法衡量了党内和党外情感的相对权重。研究结果表明，党外评价普遍下降，随着时间的推移，党外仇恨相对于党内喜爱的比例不断上升。虽然在大多数西方民主国家，公民的两极分化程度可能并不比以前更高，但当代情感两极分化的一个更显著特征是，对外部群体的厌恶程度不成比例地加重。
