Addressing Youth Mental Health Through Schools and Primary Care Clinics Using the Connected for Wellness Mobile App: Protocol for a Stepped-Wedge Trial.

BACKGROUND

Youth in the United States are experiencing rising rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health challenges, yet many remain underserved due to systemic barriers such as poverty, limited access to care, and shortages in the mental health workforce. Schools and primary care clinics are trusted, community-based settings that offer strategic opportunities for early identification, prevention, and intervention. As part of a public health approach, integrating digital mental health tools into these settings can support broad access, enhance mental health literacy, and promote help-seeking behaviors among all students. When co-designed with youth and embedded within existing care systems, these tools offer a scalable, proactive solution to support well-being across diverse school-aged populations.

OBJECTIVE

This protocol describes the design and implementation of a stepped-wedge clinical trial to evaluate the Connected for Wellness mobile app, a youth- and caregiver-facing digital mental health intervention. Developed using participatory informatics and human-centered design principles, the app provides culturally relevant content in English and Spanish. Features include self-guided wellness activities, well-being screeners, psychoeducational videos, and localized service directories. Machine learning algorithms personalize content recommendations based on user inputs and behavioral patterns.

METHODS

This trial uses a stepped-wedge cluster randomized design across 20 community-based sites (10 high schools and 10 primary care clinics) in 2 counties in California. These counties were selected for their high proportions of underserved youth populations. All youth aged 13 to 22 years and their caregivers will be invited to access the app. Sites are randomized into 2 implementation waves. The app is introduced site-wide as a universal public health intervention supported by on-site navigators and peer ambassadors. The primary outcomes are derived from a cascade-of-care framework, including identification of mental health need, referral to services, initiation of services, and engagement (defined as ≥3 treatment visits). Data will be collected via anonymous in-app analytics, monthly World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index assessments, and deidentified electronic health and administrative records. Generalized linear mixed models will be used to evaluate differences in cascade outcomes between pre- and postimplementation phases while accounting for clustering and site-level variability.

RESULTS

As of May 2025, the mobile app has been finalized, institutional review board approvals have been secured, and all study sites have been recruited. Participant recruitment is projected to begin in August 2025. Data collection and initial analyses will begin in early 2026, with preliminary findings expected by October 2026.

CONCLUSIONS

This study tests a novel digital health intervention integrated into trusted care systems. If effective, the Connected for Wellness mobile app may serve as a scalable strategy to reduce disparities in mental health care access and engagement for youth across the United States.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06122688; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06122688.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/73721.