Carbon nanomaterials as smart interfaces in ultrathin films for high-performance electrochemical sensors: a critical review.

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have emerged as pivotal components in the evolution of electrochemical sensors (ECSs), owing to their exceptional electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and versatility across various analytical applications. Recent advancements in nanoengineered thin films of CNMs have yielded robust electrochemical sensing systems with enhanced analytical capabilities. This review article offers a detailed analysis of the use of nano-engineered CNMs thin films, with a particular focus on layer-by-layer assembly, Langmuir-Blodgett, and Langmuir-Schaefer deposition techniques for the development of high-performance ECSs. By presenting a holistic overview of the field, this article explores the diverse CNMs employed in ECS development, examining their synthesis and the ongoing quest to optimize material properties for enhanced sensor performance and technological advancement. It highlights the remarkable electrochemical properties of CNMs and their significant potential in the sensitive and selective detection of a wide array of substances, including chemicals, pharmaceutical compounds, biological analytes, environmental pollutants, and gases. This review summarizes the current status and future potential of nano-engineered CNM thin films in electrochemical sensing applications. Additionally, it highlights the need for further research to address challenges related to thin film stability, reproducibility, and material selectivity for sensing applications at the intersection of nanotechnology and electrochemical sensing.