In the educational context, understanding factors affecting secondary school students' academic performance is crucial. This study aimed to explore impacts of cognitive ability, self-control, and study plans and their interactions. Using data from 1477 students aged 15-18, the moderated mediation model was applied. Results verified a positive link between cognitive ability and performance, found self-control as a mediator, and revealed study plans' moderating effect. In conclusion, these elements play key roles, providing a theoretical basis for educators to optimize strategies and promote students' overall development.