Lee Kwan-Woo, Park Che-Hwon, Lee Seong-Chul, Shin Ju-Hyeon, Park Young-Jin
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Service, 46 Gagok-gil, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28130, Republic of Korea.
Department of Medicinal Biosciences, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si 27478, Republic of Korea.
J Fungi (Basel). 2025 Jul 24;11(8):551. doi: 10.3390/jof11080551.
is a widely cultivated edible mushroom in East Asia, recognized for its nutritional benefits and distinct morphology characterized by a long stipe and a compact, hemispherical pileus. The pileus not only plays a critical biological role in reproduction through spore formation but also serves as a key commercial trait influencing consumer preference and market value. Despite its economic importance, pileus development in is highly sensitive to environmental factors, among which carbon dioxide (CO) concentration is particularly influential under indoor cultivation conditions. While previous studies have reported that elevated CO levels can inhibit pileus expansion in other mushroom species, the molecular mechanisms by which CO affects pileus growth in remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of CO concentration on pileus morphology and gene expression in by cultivating fruiting bodies under two controlled atmospheric conditions: low (1000 ppm) and high (10,000 ppm) CO. Morphometric analysis revealed that elevated CO levels significantly suppressed pileus expansion, reducing the average diameter by more than 50% compared to the low CO condition. To elucidate the underlying genetic response, we conducted RNA sequencing and identified 102 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 78 being downregulated under elevated CO. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of cyclin-dependent protein kinase regulatory pathways in this response. Two cyclin genes were found to be significantly downregulated under elevated CO conditions, and their suppression was validated through quantitative real-time PCR. These genes, possessing conserved cyclin_N domains, are implicated in the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle, particularly in mitotic growth. These results indicate that CO-induced downregulation of cyclin genes may underlie cell cycle arrest, contributing to inhibited pileus development. This study is the first to provide transcriptomic evidence that elevated CO concentrations specifically repress PHO80-like cyclin genes in , revealing a molecular mechanism by which CO stress inhibits pileus development. These findings suggest that elevated CO triggers a morphogenetic checkpoint by repressing PHO80-like cyclins, thereby modulating cell cycle progression during fruiting body development. This study provides the first evidence of such a transcriptional response in edible mushrooms and offers promising molecular targets for breeding CO-resilient strains and optimizing commercial cultivation conditions.
是东亚广泛种植的可食用蘑菇，因其营养价值和独特形态而闻名，其特点是菌柄长，菌盖紧凑呈半球形。菌盖不仅在通过孢子形成进行繁殖中发挥关键生物学作用，也是影响消费者偏好和市场价值的关键商业特征。尽管其具有经济重要性，但[蘑菇名称]的菌盖发育对环境因素高度敏感，其中二氧化碳（CO）浓度在室内栽培条件下影响尤为显著。虽然先前的研究报道高浓度CO可抑制其他蘑菇品种的菌盖扩展，但CO影响[蘑菇名称]菌盖生长的分子机制仍知之甚少。在本研究中，我们通过在两种可控大气条件下培养子实体，即低（1000 ppm）和高（10,000 ppm）CO浓度，研究了CO浓度对[蘑菇名称]菌盖形态和基因表达的影响。形态计量分析表明，高浓度CO显著抑制菌盖扩展，与低CO条件相比，平均直径减少超过50%。为阐明潜在的遗传反应，我们进行了RNA测序，鉴定出102个差异表达基因（DEG），其中78个在高浓度CO下被下调。功能富集分析突出了细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶调节途径参与此反应。发现两个细胞周期蛋白基因在高浓度CO条件下显著下调，并通过定量实时PCR验证了它们的抑制作用。这些基因具有保守的细胞周期蛋白_N结构域，参与真核细胞周期的调控，特别是有丝分裂生长。这些结果表明，CO诱导的细胞周期蛋白基因下调可能是细胞周期停滞的基础，导致菌盖发育受抑制。本研究首次提供转录组证据表明高浓度CO特异性抑制[蘑菇名称]中的PHO80样细胞周期蛋白基因，揭示了CO胁迫抑制菌盖发育的分子机制。这些发现表明，高浓度CO通过抑制PHO80样细胞周期蛋白触发形态发生检查点，从而在子实体发育过程中调节细胞周期进程。本研究提供了可食用蘑菇中这种转录反应的首个证据，并为培育耐CO菌株和优化商业栽培条件提供了有前景的分子靶点。
