Martano Pietro, Mahdi Samira, Zhou Tong, Barazandegan Yasmin, Iha Rebecca, Do Hannah, Burken Joel, Nam Paul, Yang Qingbo, Mu Ruipu
The Basic Sciences Department, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Cooperative Research, College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65101, USA.
Toxics. 2025 Jul 31;13(8):658. doi: 10.3390/toxics13080658.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have gained significant attention due to their widespread distribution in the environment and potential adverse health effects. While ingestion, especially through contaminated drinking water, is considered the primary route of human exposure, recent research suggests that other pathways, such as inhalation and dermal absorption, also play a significant role. This review provides a concise overview of the toxicological impacts of both legacy and emerging PFASs, such as GenX and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), with a particular focus on their effects on the liver, kidneys, and immune and nervous systems, based on findings from recent in vivo, in vitro, and epidemiological studies. Despite the transition to PFAS alternatives, much of the existing toxicity data focus on a few legacy compounds, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which have been linked to adverse immune outcomes, particularly in children. However, evidence for carcinogenic risk remains limited to populations with extremely high exposure levels, and data on neurodevelopmental effects remain underexplored. While epidemiological and experimental animal studies supported these findings, significant knowledge gaps persist, especially regarding emerging PFASs. Therefore, this review examines the visceral, neural, and immunotoxicity data for emerging PFASs and mixtures from recent studies. Given the known risks from well-studied PFASs, a precautionary principle should be adopted to mitigate human health risks posed by this large and diverse group of chemicals.
全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFASs）因其在环境中的广泛分布以及潜在的健康危害而备受关注。虽然摄入，尤其是通过受污染的饮用水摄入，被认为是人类接触PFASs的主要途径，但最近的研究表明，其他途径，如吸入和皮肤吸收，也起着重要作用。本综述基于最近的体内、体外和流行病学研究结果，简要概述了传统和新型PFASs（如GenX和全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS））的毒理学影响，特别关注它们对肝脏、肾脏、免疫和神经系统的影响。尽管已向PFASs替代品过渡，但现有的许多毒性数据集中在少数几种传统化合物上，如全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS），这些化合物与不良免疫结果有关，尤其是在儿童中。然而，致癌风险的证据仍然仅限于接触水平极高的人群，而关于神经发育影响的数据仍未得到充分研究。虽然流行病学和实验动物研究支持这些发现，但仍存在重大知识空白，尤其是关于新型PFASs的知识空白。因此，本综述研究了近期研究中新型PFASs及其混合物的内脏、神经和免疫毒性数据。鉴于已充分研究的PFASs存在已知风险，应采用预防原则来减轻这一大类多样化化学品对人类健康造成的风险。
