Valenzuela-Tapia Loreto N, Quintul Cristóbal A, Rubio-Concha Nataly D, Toledo-Ríos Luis, Salas-Kuscevic Catalina, Leisewitz Andrea V, Cámpora-Oñate Pamela, Campanini-Salinas Javier
Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile.
Centro de Estudios en Seguridad y Crimen Organizado (CESCRO), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8420524, Chile.
Toxics. 2025 Aug 1;13(8):659. doi: 10.3390/toxics13080659.
The historical use of toxic chemicals to cause intentional harm has evolved from blister agents in World War I to highly lethal organophosphates and emerging families of chemicals, such as Novichok. In turn, medical or recreational substances like fentanyl, lysergamides, and phencyclidine pose a growing risk of hostile use, particularly related to the rapid proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). A narrative literature review was conducted covering specialized databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, Google Scholar) and sources from international organizations (OPCW, UNODC, ONU), analyzing historical and recent cases of the use of nerve agents in conflicts and the use of NPSs for hostile purposes. The main families of conventional agents (G, V, A series, and Novichok) and NPSs (lysergamides, PCP, fentanyl derivatives) were identified, highlighting their ease of synthesis, high toxicity profiles, and the regulatory gaps that facilitate their illicit production. In this scenario, it is essential to strengthen regulatory frameworks, surveillance systems, and ethical protocols in chemical research, as well as to promote international cooperation to prevent these substances from becoming chemical threats.
使用有毒化学品蓄意造成伤害的历史，已从第一次世界大战中的糜烂性毒剂发展到高致死性的有机磷化合物以及新型化学物质家族，如诺维乔克。反过来，芬太尼、麦角酰胺和苯环己哌啶等医疗或消遣性物质被恶意使用的风险也在不断增加，尤其是与新型精神活性物质（NPS）的迅速扩散有关。我们进行了一项叙述性文献综述，涵盖专业数据库（PubMed、ScienceDirect、SciELO、谷歌学术）以及国际组织（禁止化学武器组织、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室、联合国）的资料来源，分析了冲突中使用神经毒剂以及将新型精神活性物质用于恶意目的的历史和近期案例。确定了常规毒剂（G类、V类、A系列和诺维乔克）和新型精神活性物质（麦角酰胺、苯环己哌啶、芬太尼衍生物）的主要类别，强调了它们易于合成、高毒性特征以及助长其非法生产的监管漏洞。在这种情况下，加强化学研究中的监管框架、监测系统和伦理规范，以及促进国际合作以防止这些物质成为化学威胁至关重要。
