: Complete environmental adaptation requires both survival and reproductive success. The hypoxic Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (>3000 m) challenges reproduction in indigenous species. Tibetan sheep, a key plateau-adapted breed, possess remarkable hypoxic tolerance, yet the genetic basis of their reproductive success remains poorly understood. : We integrated transcriptomic and genomic data from Tibetan sheep and two lowland breeds (Small-tailed Han sheep and Hu sheep) to identify Tibetan sheep reproduction-associated genes (TSRGs). : We identified 165 TSRGs: four genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) versus Small-tailed Han sheep, 77 DEGs versus Hu sheep were found, and 73 genes were annotated in reproductive pathways. Functional analyses revealed enrichment for spermatogenesis, embryonic development, and transcriptional regulation. Notably, three top-ranked selection signals (, , and ) showed differential expression. Murine Gene Informatics (MGI) confirmed that knockout orthologs exhibit significant phenotypes including male infertility, abnormal meiosis (male/female), oligozoospermia, and reduced neonatal weight. : Tibetan sheep utilize an evolved suite of genes underpinning gametogenesis and embryogenesis under chronic hypoxia, ensuring high reproductive fitness-a vital component of their adaptation to plateaus. These genes provide valuable genetic markers for the selection, breeding, and conservation of Tibetan sheep as a critical genetic resource.