Unfertilized and Washed Eri Silkworm Eggs as Superior Hosts for Mass Production of Parasitoids.

wasps are highly effective biological control agents, offering an environmentally sustainable solution for pest management through their parasitism of insect eggs. This study evaluates the parasitism performance of six species-, , , , , and -on five treatments of Eri silkworm (ES) eggs, a potential alternative to the large eggs of for mass rearing. The ES egg treatments included the following: manually extracted, unfertilized, and washed eggs (MUW); naturally laid, unfertilized, and washed eggs (NUW); naturally laid, unfertilized, and unwashed eggs (NUUW); naturally laid, fertilized, and washed eggs (NFW); and naturally laid, fertilized, and unwashed eggs (NFUW). The results demonstrate that all species, except , successfully parasitized ES eggs across all treatments. Notably, washed eggs consistently supported higher parasitism and emergence rates compared to unwashed eggs, while unfertilized eggs outperformed fertilized eggs in these metrics. Among the treatments, unfertilized and washed eggs (MUW and NUW) exhibited the shortest pre-emergence time and the highest number of emerged adults, with no significant differences in female progeny ratios across most species. A striking exception was , which showed a significantly higher female offspring ratio in the MUW treatment. These findings highlight that MUW eggs of ES are a highly suitable alternative host for the mass production of wasps. This study provides critical insights for optimizing host egg treatments to enhance the efficiency of -based biological control programs.