Lung cancer remains one of the most common and deadliest forms of cancer worldwide despite notable advancements in its management. Conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy, often have limitations in effectively targeting cancer cells, which frequently lead to off-target side effects. In this context, the pulmonary delivery of inhalable nanomaterials offers the advantages of being rapid, efficient, and target-specific, with minimal systemic side effects. This concise review summarizes the basic research and clinical translation of inhalable nanomaterials for the treatment of lung cancer. We also provide insights into the latest advances in pulmonary drug delivery systems, focusing on various types of pulmonary devices and nanomaterials. Furthermore, this paper discusses significant challenges in translating the discoveries of inhalable nanomaterials into clinical care for lung cancer and shares strategies to overcome these issues.