Phages and Control of -Associated Human, Animal, and Plant Diseases.

Gram-negative bacteria are known for causing diseases in humans, animals, and plants, and high intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. Phage therapy is a promising alternative to control multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Here, we present an overview of phage characteristics, host specificity, genomic classification, and therapeutic potentials across medical, veterinary, and agricultural systems. We evaluate the efficacy and limitations of current phage candidates, the biological and environmental barriers of phage applications, and the phage cocktail strategy. We highlight the innovations on the development of targeted phage delivery systems and the transition from the exploration of clinical phage therapy to plant disease management, advocating integrated disease control strategies.