Essential Oils from Wild Albanian : GC-MS Profiling, Biological Activity, and Enhanced Delivery via Nanoencapsulation.

The growing demand for natural preservatives has driven interest in essential oils (EOs) from medicinal and aromatic plants. This study examines the potential of EOs from six wild populations of Albanian , specifically subsp. , , and species, to be utilized for food conservation, among other possible uses. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation, and their chemical profiles were analyzed through GC-MS. DPPH and ABTS assays were performed to evaluate antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial efficacy of the oils was assessed using the broth microdilution method against six common foodborne pathogens: serovar Enteritidis, , , , , and one fungus, . The most potent EOs in terms of yield and biological activity, resulting from subsp. and , were encapsulated in oil-in-water emulsions, which were characterized for particle size and zeta potential. The results show that the populations of subsp. and taken in the study belong to carvacrol chemotypes, and their EOs show strong antioxidant activity and are effective against all tested microorganisms. Nanoemulsions prepared with these EOs showed promising stability, indicating their potential as natural preservatives in food applications.