Miao Xinyu, Han Yixuan, Yin Yinyan, Yang Yang, Chen Sujuan, Jiao Xinan, Qin Tao, Peng Daxin
College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
Vet Sci. 2025 Jul 24;12(8):692. doi: 10.3390/vetsci12080692.
Viral infections persistently challenge global health through immune evasion and zoonotic transmission. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in antiviral immunity by detecting viral nucleic acids via conserved pattern recognition receptors, triggering interferon-driven innate responses and cross-presentation-mediated activation of cytotoxic CD8 T cells. This study synthesizes DC-centric defense mechanisms against viral subversion, encompassing divergent nucleic acid sensing pathways for zoonotic DNA and RNA viruses, viral counterstrategies targeting DC maturation and interferon signaling, and functional specialization of DC subsets in immune coordination. Despite advances in DC-based vaccine platforms, clinical translation is hindered by cellular heterogeneity, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and limitations in antigen delivery. Future research should aim to enhance the efficiency of DC-mediated immunity, thereby establishing a robust scientific foundation for the development of next-generation vaccines and antiviral therapies. A more in-depth exploration of DC functions and regulatory mechanisms may unlock novel strategies for antiviral intervention, ultimately paving the way for improved prevention and treatment of viral infections.
病毒感染通过免疫逃逸和人畜共患病传播持续挑战全球健康。树突状细胞（DCs）在抗病毒免疫中发挥核心作用，通过保守的模式识别受体检测病毒核酸，触发干扰素驱动的固有反应以及交叉呈递介导的细胞毒性CD8 T细胞活化。本研究综合了以DC为中心的抗病毒颠覆防御机制，包括针对人畜共患DNA和RNA病毒的不同核酸传感途径、针对DC成熟和干扰素信号传导的病毒应对策略，以及DC亚群在免疫协调中的功能特化。尽管基于DC的疫苗平台取得了进展，但细胞异质性、免疫抑制微环境和抗原递送限制阻碍了其临床转化。未来的研究应旨在提高DC介导的免疫效率，从而为下一代疫苗和抗病毒疗法的开发奠定坚实的科学基础。对DC功能和调节机制进行更深入的探索可能会解锁抗病毒干预的新策略，最终为改善病毒感染的预防和治疗铺平道路。
