Modelling the Impact of Vaccination and Other Intervention Strategies on Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Tuberculosis Transmission and Control in Thailand.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, including in Thailand, where both asymptomatic and symptomatic cases sustain transmission. The disease burden increases treatment complexity and mortality, requiring integrated care and coordinated policies. We developed a deterministic compartmental model to examine the transmission dynamics of TB in Thailand, incorporating both latent and active stages of infection, as well as vaccination coverage. The model was calibrated using national TB incidence data, and sensitivity analysis revealed that the TB transmission rate was the most influential parameter affecting the basic reproduction number (). We evaluated the impact of several intervention strategies, including increased treatment coverage for latent and active TB infections and improved vaccination rates. Our analysis indicates that among the single interventions, scaling up effective treatment for latent TB infections produced the greatest reduction in asymptomatic and symptomatic cases, while enhanced treatment for active TB cases was second most effective for reducing both asymptomatic and symptomatic cases. Importantly, our results indicate that combining multiple interventions yields significantly greater reductions in overall TB incidence than any single approach alone. Our findings suggest that a modest investment in integrated TB control can substantially reduce TB transmission and disease burden in Thailand. However, complete eradication of TB would require a comprehensive and sustained investment to achieve near-universal coverage of both preventive and curative strategies. TB remains a significant public health threat in Thailand. Targeted interventions and integrated strategies are key to reducing disease burden and improving treatment outcomes.