Silva-Beltran Norma Patricia, Boone Stephanie A, Lehman Jon Q, Clark Justin T, Betts-Childress Nick Duane, Gerba Charles P, Ijaz M Khalid, McKinney Julie, Bright Kelly R
Department of Environmental Science, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Departmento de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México.
Food Environ Virol. 2025 Aug 29;17(3):47. doi: 10.1007/s12560-025-09660-4.
Currently, the predominant commercially available disinfectants and sanitizers are formulated with active ingredients including alcohol, halogenated compounds (e.g., sodium hypochlorite), surfactants, oxidizing agents (eg., hydrogen peroxide), and quaternary ammonium compounds. Natural products represent an alternative since they are often effective microbicides and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) due to their long history of use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of several organic acids and plant essential oils against three bacteriophages (MS2, ΦX174, PR772) with different genome characteristics (e.g., RNA versus DNA, single-stranded versus double-stranded) and against an enveloped and non-enveloped mammalian virus (human coronavirus 229E and feline calicivirus, respectively). The active components of essential oils (carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, thymol) and organic acids (acetic, salicylic, tartaric) demonstrated virucidal activity against the three bacteriophages (typically 1.00 log to > 5.00 log reductions within 10 min); however, ΦX174 exhibited lesser susceptibility (< 1.0 log reduction with all but salicylic acid) and PR772 was the most resistant to cinnamaldehyde. It is unclear why ΦX174, a ssDNA virus, was more resistant to these antimicrobials than the ssRNA (MS2) and dsDNA (PR772) viruses. Carvacrol, eugenol, and thymol were also highly effective against both mammalian viruses (≥ 1.49 and > 3.00 log reductions within one and 10 min, respectively). Salicylic acid was the most effective antimicrobial tested with > 3.84 log reductions observed with all the viruses in one minute. Based on these results, several of the organic acids and essential oil components included appear to be viable eco-friendly alternatives to currently used disinfectants/sanitizers that are effective against viruses possessing diverse genomic and morphological characteristics.
目前，市面上主要的商用消毒剂和 sanitizers 的配方中含有酒精、卤化化合物（如次氯酸钠）、表面活性剂、氧化剂（如过氧化氢）和季铵化合物等活性成分。天然产物是一种替代选择，因为它们通常是有效的杀菌剂，并且由于其悠久的使用历史而被普遍认为是安全的（GRAS）。本研究的目的是评估几种有机酸和植物精油对三种具有不同基因组特征（如 RNA 与 DNA、单链与双链）的噬菌体（MS2、ΦX174、PR772）以及对包膜和非包膜哺乳动物病毒（分别为人类冠状病毒 229E 和猫杯状病毒）的功效。精油（香芹酚、肉桂醛、丁香酚、百里香酚）和有机酸（乙酸、水杨酸、酒石酸）的活性成分对三种噬菌体表现出杀病毒活性（通常在 10 分钟内减少 1.00 log 至>5.00 log）；然而，ΦX174 的敏感性较低（除水杨酸外，所有情况下减少<1.0 log），PR772 对肉桂醛的抗性最强。目前尚不清楚为什么单链 DNA 病毒 ΦX174 比单链 RNA（MS2）和双链 DNA（PR772）病毒对这些抗菌剂更具抗性。香芹酚、丁香酚和百里香酚对两种哺乳动物病毒也非常有效（分别在 1 分钟和 10 分钟内减少≥1.49 和>3.00 log）。水杨酸是测试的最有效的抗菌剂，在 1 分钟内对所有病毒的减少均>3.84 log。基于这些结果，所包含的几种有机酸和精油成分似乎是目前使用的消毒剂/ sanitizers 的可行的环保替代品，这些消毒剂/ sanitizers 对具有不同基因组和形态特征的病毒有效。
