Brucellosis, a globally prevalent zoonotic disease caused by Brucella species, remains a major public health concern, especially in endemic regions. This study delves into the complex interactions between host immune responses and Brucella infection, focusing on both protective immunity and pathological inflammation. Key topics include pathogen recognition pathways, strategies employed by Brucella to evade immune defenses, and the collaborative roles of innate and adaptive immunity in driving disease progression. Emphasis is placed on how Brucella manipulates host immune regulation to establish chronic infection. From an epidemiological standpoint, this paper discusses transmission routes, risk factors, and the broader implications for global health. Additionally, this study reviews recent advancements in diagnostic techniques, particularly molecular diagnostics and novel biomarker discovery, aimed at enhancing detection accuracy and disease monitoring. Therapeutic strategies, including conventional antimicrobial treatments and emerging immune-based interventions, are also examined, with a focus on their limitations and future potential. This article further addresses challenges such as the heterogeneity of immune responses, obstacles to vaccine development, and the factors contributing to persistent infection. By clarifying the molecular and immunological mechanisms of brucellosis pathogenesis, this work underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to improve understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical management of this enduring infectious disease.