Unleashing the potential of urine DNA methylation detection: Advancements in biomarkers, clinical applications, and emerging technologies.

In recent years, the detection urinary DNA methylation in bladder cancer has witnessed significant advancements. Important breakthroughs have been achieved in the diagnosis of bladder cancer through the use of DNA methylation biomarkers in urine. Several clinical studies have successfully established multiple biomarkers and developed reliable diagnostic models. Additionally, certain assay kits are certified by the Food and Drug Administration or the National Medical Products Administration and provide dependable tools for clinical applications. However, traditional techniques have limitations in terms of sample requirements, operational complexity, and stability. This review presents the application of novel technologies for the detection of urinary DNA methylation in bladder cancer, including microfluidic, digital polymerase chain reaction, and CRISPR technologies. The introduction of these innovative approaches holds promise for enhancing the early diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer. These advances are expected to drive further research and clinical applications in this field.