Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Apr 4;24(7):6757. doi: 10.3390/ijms24076757.
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. Although urine cytology and cystoscopy are current standards for BC diagnosis, both have limited sensitivity to detect low-grade and small tumors. Moreover, effective prognostic biomarkers are lacking. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipidic particles that contain nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites, which are released by cells into the extracellular space, being crucial effectors in intercellular communication. These particles have emerged as potential tools carrying biomarkers for either diagnosis or prognosis in liquid biopsies namely urine, plasma, and serum. Herein, we review the potential of liquid biopsies EVs' cargo as BC diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers. Additionally, we address the emerging advantages and downsides of using EVs within this framework.
膀胱癌（BC）是全球第 10 大最常见的癌症。尽管尿液细胞学检查和膀胱镜检查是目前 BC 诊断的标准方法，但它们对低级别和小肿瘤的检测灵敏度有限。此外，缺乏有效的预后生物标志物。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是含有核酸、蛋白质和代谢物的脂质颗粒，由细胞释放到细胞外空间，是细胞间通讯的重要效应器。这些颗粒已成为液体活检（即尿液、血浆和血清）中诊断或预后生物标志物的潜在工具。在此，我们综述了液体活检 EVs 货物作为 BC 诊断和预后生物标志物的潜力。此外，我们还讨论了在这一框架内使用 EVs 的新兴优势和缺点。
