Makovska Iryna, Biebaut Evelien, Dhaka Pankaj, Korniienko Leonid, Jerab Julia Gabrielle, Courtens Laura, Chantziaras Ilias, Dewulf Jeroen
Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.
Front Vet Sci. 2025 Aug 18;12:1581217. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1581217. eCollection 2025.
Cleaning and disinfection (C&D) procedures are essential components of farm biosecurity, aiming to reduce microbial load and eliminate the pathogenic microorganisms in livestock farms facilities. This review examines the various methods used to assess the effectiveness of both cleaning and disinfection, exploring their strengths, limitations, and optimal-use scenarios. For cleaning evaluation, common methods include basic visual inspections, ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence, rapid protein tests (RPT), redox potential, and microbiological swabbing. However, visual inspections and UV fluorescence alone provide only qualitative insights. ATP offers quantitative data, though the accuracy can be influenced by the presence of detergents or disinfectants, requiring careful calibration. Additionally, ATP and RPT testing demands standardization to ensure consistent results. A new promising redox method is fast and more accurate, however still has limited field applicability. Microbiological methods, while highly accurate in detecting microbial contamination, are resource-intensive and therefore not in frequent use for routine evaluation of the cleaning procedures. For assessment of disinfection procedures microbiological tests such as colony-forming unit counts on agar plates, as well as the use of selective media for target microbes or hygiene indicator organisms are more appropriate than non-microbiological tests as they offer direct evidence of microbial elimination. However, these methods can be labor-intensive and time-consuming. Molecular methods can be powerful tools in detecting hard-to-culture organisms, however, are more expensive and require specialized equipment. Given these challenges, our study recommends a comprehensive C&D evaluation protocol, incorporating multiple methods tailored to the farm's specific biosecurity needs and epidemiological context. This integrated approach improves the reliability and efficiency of C&D monitoring, ensuring robust hygiene management in farm settings.
清洁与消毒（C&D）程序是养殖场生物安全的重要组成部分，旨在减少微生物负荷并消除养殖场设施中的病原微生物。本综述探讨了用于评估清洁和消毒效果的各种方法，分析了它们的优点、局限性和最佳使用场景。对于清洁评估，常用方法包括基本的目视检查、紫外线（UV）荧光检测、三磷酸腺苷（ATP）生物发光检测、快速蛋白质检测（RPT）、氧化还原电位检测和微生物拭子检测。然而，仅目视检查和紫外线荧光检测只能提供定性的见解。ATP检测可提供定量数据，但其准确性可能会受到洗涤剂或消毒剂的影响，需要仔细校准。此外，ATP检测和RPT检测需要标准化以确保结果的一致性。一种新的有前景的氧化还原方法快速且更准确，但现场适用性仍然有限。微生物检测方法虽然在检测微生物污染方面非常准确，但资源消耗大，因此不常用于清洁程序的常规评估。对于消毒程序的评估，微生物检测方法，如琼脂平板上的菌落形成单位计数，以及使用针对目标微生物或卫生指示生物的选择性培养基，比非微生物检测方法更合适，因为它们能直接证明微生物的消除。然而，这些方法可能 labor-intensive且耗时。分子方法在检测难以培养的生物方面可能是强大的工具，然而，成本更高且需要专门的设备。鉴于这些挑战，我们的研究建议采用全面的C&D评估方案，结合多种方法，以满足养殖场特定的生物安全需求和流行病学背景。这种综合方法提高了C&D监测的可靠性和效率，确保养殖场环境中的卫生管理稳健。
