A Spatiotemporal Atlas of the Gut Microbiota in : Implications for Health and Environment.

The gut microbiota of macaques, highly homologous to humans in biological characteristics and metabolic functions, serves as an ideal model for studying the mechanisms of human intestinal diseases and therapeutic approaches. A comprehensive characterization of the macaque gut microbiota provides unique insights into human health and disease. This study employs metagenomic sequencing to assess the gut microbiota of wild across various ages, sexes, and physiological states. The results revealed that the dominant bacterial species in various age groups included and . The predominant bacterial species in various sexes included and (specifically , , and ). The dominant species during lactation and non-lactation periods were identified as and . Functional analysis revealed significant enrichment in pathways such as global and overview maps, carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism. This study enhances our understanding of how age, sex, and physiological states shape the gut microbiota in , offering a foundation for future research on (1) host-microbiome interactions in primate evolution, and (2) translational applications in human health, such as microbiome-based therapies for metabolic or immune-related disorders.