Family Breakup Dynamics in a Promiscuous Solitary Mammal.

Family breakup dynamics in mammals can be complex due to competing interests between parents and offspring. Parents need to balance their own as well as their offspring's fitness through either terminating care early or extending care. Yet, males can disrupt this trade-off as they may force females to focus on future litters by separating or killing offspring, especially in species where sexually selected infanticide occurs. Here, we investigated the family breakup dynamics in brown bears () by using GPS relocation data from 144 individuals (114 unique individuals: 23 mothers, 49 offspring, and 42 adult males) in southcentral Sweden. We explored the movement of mothers, their offspring, and adjacent adult males to gain insights into the factors influencing family breakup. Our findings indicate that females with 2-year-olds tend to separate before the mating season, whereas females with yearlings typically experience breakups during the mating season. Our results show that females accompanied by yearlings increased their movement speeds 2 weeks before the family breakup. The movement speed of the families that separated was two to three times higher compared to families that remained together. Furthermore, males associated with family groups before and during the mating season. Several associations during the mating season between adult males and family groups occurred on the same day that the family broke up. The increased space use makes the family group more conspicuous on the landscape; this likely increases the detection probability by a male and increases the chance of family breakup. Maternal care tactics can influence both female and offspring fitness, and here we provided additional evidence of the interplay between female and adult male behavior in terminating care in a solitary carnivore.