Lindberg Jake, Trojanowski Rebecca, Galvin Stephen, Butcher Thomas
Interdisciplinary Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2025 Sep 5:1-19. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2025.2547634.
Emission factor data for existing heating appliances are being used to estimate achievable emission reductions with emerging heating technologies. However, the emission factors currently being used for modeling were developed prior to low-sulfur fuel standards and rely on a small number of studies, mostly focusing on steady-state operation. In this work, detailed emission measurements of typical heating equipment fired with natural gas and No. 2 oil under relevant field-use conditions were made to update these emission factors. The work included the emissions and heating performance of three residential hydronic heating appliances (27-41 kW), two fueled with natural gas, one fueled with No.2 oil, and two commercial steam heating appliances (220-440 kW), one fueled with natural gas and the other with No.2 oil. The burner technologies employed include natural gas conversion burners, a natural gas Inshot burner, and single and dual-firing-rate pressure atomizing oil burners. The appliances were evaluated using a load-profile test method that captured transient conditions in cyclic operation, typical of field use. The emission factors of 17 pollutant compounds were measured in this work and compared with values currently published in United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) databases. These pollutants include particulate matter mass, methane, and speciated volatile organic compounds. Particulate mass was found to be 1.7 to 4.6 times less than the EPA 2020 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) value for No. 2 oil-fueled appliances and ranged 3.5 times more to 1.4 times less for natural gas appliances. Methane was 3.5 times higher for the residential natural gas appliances tested due to transient methane emissions during ignition and shutdown. Speciated volatile organic compounds were found to be lower than the closest related emission inventory values.: The largest US building energy use is for space and water heating. In 2019, NYS established the NYS Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act, which mandates the state achieve a 40% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 and an 85% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, based on 1990 emission levels. This mandate will result in significant changes to the fuels and technologies used for heating. Emission factor data for existing heating appliances are being used to estimate achievable emission reductions with these changes. In this work, a new set of detailed emission factors has been developed through laboratory measurements which will greatly improve the knowledge about these existing sources nationwide.
现有供暖设备的排放因子数据正被用于估算采用新兴供暖技术可实现的减排量。然而，目前用于建模的排放因子是在低硫燃料标准出台之前制定的，并且依赖于少数研究，这些研究大多侧重于稳态运行。在这项工作中，对典型的以天然气和2号油为燃料的供暖设备在相关现场使用条件下进行了详细的排放测量，以更新这些排放因子。这项工作包括三台住宅循环供暖设备（27 - 41千瓦）的排放和供暖性能，其中两台以天然气为燃料，一台以2号油为燃料，以及两台商业蒸汽供暖设备（220 - 440千瓦），一台以天然气为燃料，另一台以2号油为燃料。所采用的燃烧器技术包括天然气转换燃烧器、天然气内注式燃烧器以及单双燃烧率压力雾化油燃烧器。使用负载曲线测试方法对这些设备进行评估，该方法能够捕捉循环运行中的瞬态条件，这是现场使用的典型情况。在这项工作中测量了17种污染物化合物的排放因子，并与美国环境保护局（EPA）数据库中当前公布的值进行了比较。这些污染物包括颗粒物质量、甲烷和特定挥发性有机化合物。发现颗粒物质量比EPA 2020年国家排放清单（NEI）中2号油燃料设备的值低1.7至4.6倍，对于天然气设备，其范围是高3.5倍至低1.4倍。由于点火和关闭期间的瞬态甲烷排放，测试的住宅天然气设备中的甲烷含量高出3.5倍。发现特定挥发性有机化合物低于最接近的相关排放清单值。美国建筑能耗最大的部分用于空间和水加热。2019年，纽约州制定了《纽约州气候领导与社区保护法案》，该法案要求该州到2030年将温室气体排放量在1990年排放水平的基础上减少40%，到2050年减少85%。这一要求将导致用于供暖的燃料和技术发生重大变化。现有供暖设备的排放因子数据正被用于估算这些变化可实现的减排量。在这项工作中，通过实验室测量开发了一组新的详细排放因子，这将大大提高全国对这些现有排放源的了解。
