Current status of Liraglutide delivery systems for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder of increasing global concern. Characterized by constantly elevated levels of glucose, severe β-cell dysfunction, and insulin resistance, it is the cause of a major burden on patients if not managed with therapeutic and lifestyle changes. The human body is slowly developing tolerance to many marketed antidiabetic drugs and the quest for the discovery of newer molecules continues. Liraglutide is a prominent GLP-1 receptor agonist which is administered daily via subcutaneous injection. In addition to lowering HbA1c levels, it is also known for promoting weight loss and improving cardiovascular outcomes. A variety of novel formulation strategies have been explored to improve its bioavailability and patient compliance. To address these limitations, various advanced drug delivery systems have been investigated, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanocarriers, biodegradable microparticles, hydrogels, and dissolvable microneedles. These systems aim to prolong drug release, enhance mucosal penetration, increase stability, and reduce dosing frequency. While many of these platforms show promise in preclinical and early clinical studies, critical translational barriers remain. These include challenges in large-scale manufacturing, ensuring formulation sterility, achieving regulatory approval, and maintaining stability during storage and distribution.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the formulation strategies developed for liraglutide delivery, critically examines their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and evaluates the current state of clinical translation. By identifying both the potential and the limitations of these delivery technologies, the article aims to inform future research directions in GLP-1-based therapeutics and improve treatment outcomes for patients with T2DM.