Nest Entrance Architecture and the Regulation of Foraging Activity in Desert Harvester Ants.

The architecture of an ant colony's nest entrance modulates the regulation of activity in and out of the nest. This study considers how the architecture of nests of the desert harvester ant facilitates the regulation of foraging activity in an arid environment. Colonies must spend water, in water lost to evaporation when outside the nest, to obtain food and water. Previous work shows that encounters in the chamber just inside the entrance function as the valve to manage this tradeoff by regulating whether foragers decide to leave the nest on another trip. Here both complete and partial excavations, and observations inside active nests, were made in a long-term study population in New Mexico, US. Both the overall nest architecture and the set of chambers around the nest entrance are structured as a minimum spanning tree with the entrance chamber as hub. The entrance chamber is surrounded by 1-6 adjacent chambers not linked to each other, with 2-3 tunnels that lead to strings of widely spaced chambers descending 1-2 m. Observations with a videoscope inside active nests show that exterior workers of different tasks move up to the entrance chamber each day during foraging activity and descend below it afterwards, and that interior workers quickly carry food down from the entrance chamber to the deeper nest. Larger, older colonies have more nest entrances with tunnels leading to a single entrance chamber than younger, smaller colonies; this may reduce variability in encounter rates. The nest entrance architecture facilitates rapid adjustment of activity outside the nest. However, in current, deepening drought conditions, it is susceptible to damage when the upper clay layer of the calichi soil dries out, disrupting encounters in the entrance chamber and inhibiting the colony's capacity to manage water loss.