Achury Rafael, Staab Michael, Seibold Sebastian, Müller Jörg, Heidrich Lea, Püls Marcel, Hacker Hermann, Fonseca Carlos Roberto, Fischer Markus, Blüthgen Nico, Weisser Wolfgang
Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
Ecological Networks, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
J Anim Ecol. 2025 Sep 9. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.70132.
Land-use change and intensification are major drivers of biodiversity loss, yet their effects on diversity have usually been studied within a single habitat type or land-use category, limiting our understanding of cross-habitat patterns. Moths, a species-rich taxon worldwide, represent a significant portion of the biodiversity in both temperate forests and grasslands, functioning as pollinators and herbivores. While increasing land-use intensity (LUI) in both habitats is expected to negatively impact moth assemblages, the strength of this effect remains uncertain. Moreover, land-use intensification interacts with broader environmental factors, such as weather conditions and the spread of artificial light at night (ALAN), but their combined effects on moth community diversity and turnover across habitats remain poorly understood. We sampled moth communities across 150 grassland and 150 forest plots along land-use gradients in Germany. We quantified plot- and landscape-scale LUI and tested the role of plant diversity, temperature and precipitation during the night of sampling and the preceding season, and ALAN in shaping moth diversity (standardized by coverage) along Hill numbers. Forests supported significantly higher moth abundance, biomass and diversity than grasslands, with habitat type being the main driver of moth community composition. LUI at the plot scale had contrasting effects on moth abundance, increasing it in forests but reducing it in grasslands. Impacts of LUI were more pronounced at the landscape level, reducing moth diversity particularly in areas dominated by grasslands. Plant diversity and temperature were key determinants for moth communities, increasing alpha diversity across diversity metrics, that is Hill numbers. ALAN had no significant influence on moth abundance or biomass but significantly decreased Simpson diversity. Beta diversity increased with geographic distance, habitat change and LUI but decreased with weather differences among plots. Our results highlight the interplay between LUI, habitat type and abiotic factors in shaping moth communities across large spatial scales. Effective conservation strategies should consider maintaining habitat heterogeneity and promoting plant diversity, particularly in temperate habitats exposed to high land-use intensification.
土地利用变化和集约化是生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素，然而它们对多样性的影响通常是在单一栖息地类型或土地利用类别内进行研究的，这限制了我们对跨栖息地模式的理解。蛾类是全球物种丰富的一个分类群，在温带森林和草原的生物多样性中都占很大比例，起着传粉者和食草动物的作用。虽然预计这两种栖息地土地利用强度（LUI）的增加都会对蛾类群落产生负面影响，但这种影响的强度仍不确定。此外，土地利用集约化与更广泛的环境因素相互作用，如天气条件和夜间人造光（ALAN）的扩散，但其对蛾类群落多样性和跨栖息地周转率的综合影响仍知之甚少。我们沿着德国的土地利用梯度，在150个草地和150个森林样地中对蛾类群落进行了采样。我们量化了样地和景观尺度的土地利用强度，并测试了植物多样性、采样当晚和前一季的温度与降水量以及人造光在沿希尔数塑造蛾类多样性（按覆盖度标准化）方面的作用。森林中的蛾类丰度、生物量和多样性显著高于草地，栖息地类型是蛾类群落组成的主要驱动因素。样地尺度的土地利用强度对蛾类丰度有相反的影响，在森林中增加了蛾类丰度，而在草地中则降低了蛾类丰度。土地利用强度在景观层面的影响更为显著，尤其降低了以草地为主地区的蛾类多样性。植物多样性和温度是蛾类群落的关键决定因素，增加了跨多样性指标（即希尔数）的α多样性。人造光对蛾类丰度或生物量没有显著影响，但显著降低了辛普森多样性。β多样性随着地理距离、栖息地变化和土地利用强度的增加而增加，但随着样地间天气差异的增大而降低。我们的研究结果突出了土地利用强度、栖息地类型和非生物因素在塑造大空间尺度蛾类群落方面的相互作用。有效的保护策略应考虑维持栖息地的异质性并促进植物多样性，特别是在土地利用集约化程度高的温带栖息地。
