Advanced Echocardiographic Approaches for Assessing Cardiac Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Techniques and Future Perspectives.

The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been consistently rising in recent years. This trend is particularly concerning in the aging population, where the prevalence of CKD and cardiovascular disease is disproportionately high. Among CKD patients, cardiovascular disease stands as the primary prognostic risk factor and leading cause of mortality. Early cardiac function assessment is critical, especially in older adults, for diagnosis and treatment guidance due to their atypical presentations and high risk. Due to its convenience, lack of radiation, and excellent repeatability, ultrasound has become a widely used method for evaluating cardiac function. Furthermore, with the rapid advancements in medical technology, numerous innovative ultrasound techniques have been introduced for assessing cardiac function.