Nanotechnology-driven advancements in organ transplantation: Multifaceted strategies for organ preservation, ischemia reperfusion injury, immunomodulation and post-transplant monitoring.

Organ transplantation faces critical challenges, including donor shortages, suboptimal preservation, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and immune rejection. Nanotechnology offers transformative solutions by leveraging precision-engineered materials to enhance graft viability and outcomes. This review highlights nanomaterials' roles in revolutionizing organ preservation. Nanoscale oxygen carriers, such as perfluorocarbon-based systems, address hypoxia by improving graft oxygenation and angiogenesis. Advanced drug delivery systems enable targeted immunosuppression, reducing systemic toxicity while enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Antioxidant and antimicrobial nanomaterials integrated into preservation solutions mitigate oxidative stress and microbial contamination during storage. Additionally, nanotechnology facilitates real-time monitoring of graft rejection via biosensing platforms, enabling early intervention. Despite preclinical successes in renal, hepatic, and pancreatic islet models, clinical translation requires resolving challenges like nanoparticle biodistribution, biocompatibility, and scalability for human organs. By bridging material science and transplantation medicine, nanotechnology redefines organ viability criteria, extends preservation windows, and expands donor pools. This synthesis of interdisciplinary innovations positions nanomaterials as pivotal tools for achieving the next paradigm shift in transplant outcomes, emphasizing urgent clinical translation to address unmet needs in global healthcare.