Prognostic Value of Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Comprehensive Review.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a prevalent chronic respiratory disorder characterized by airway inflammation and irreversible airflow limitation. Its marked heterogeneity and complexity pose significant challenges to traditional clinical assessments in terms of prognostic prediction and personalized management. In recent years, the exploration of biomarkers has opened new avenues for the precise evaluation of COPD, particularly through multi-biomarker prediction models and integrative multimodal data strategies, which have substantially improved the accuracy and reliability of prognostic assessments. This review summarizes the key biomarkers associated with COPD prognosis, systematically discusses the practical applications and future potential of combined predictive models and multimodal data integration, and evaluates their translational value in clinical practice. As a narrative review, this study aims to provide a scientific foundation for the precision management of patients with COPD.