An updated vocal repertoire of wild adult bonobos (Pan paniscus).

Research over the last 20 years has shed important light on the vocal behaviour of our closest living relatives, bonobos and chimpanzees, but mostly relies on qualitative vocal repertoires, for which quantitative validations are absent. Such data are critical for a holistic understanding of a species` communication system and unpacking how these systems compare more broadly with other primate and non-primate species. Here we make key progress by providing the first quantitative validation of a Pan vocal repertoire, specifically for wild bonobos. Using data comprising over 1500 calls from 53 adult individuals collected over 33 months, we employ machine-learning-based random forest analyses and describe 11 acoustically distinguishable call types. We discuss issues associated with resolving vocal repertoires from wild data in great apes and highlight potential future approaches to further capture the complexity and gradedness of the bonobo vocal system.