Orkara Shynggys, Khamzina Aigerim, Sandybayev Nurlan, Sattarova Rano, Davletova Ainur, Khamzin Kadyrzhan, Pokharel Kisun, Ibragimov Primkul, Burambayeva Nadezhda, Smagulov Darkhan
Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Laboratory of Bacteriology, LLP "Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute", Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Front Vet Sci. 2025 Aug 26;12:1647959. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1647959. eCollection 2025.
This comprehensive review examines the current epidemiological landscape, genetic resistance mechanisms, and control strategies for major sheep diseases in Kazakhstan. The study systematically analyzes three primary disease categories: parasitic infestations (including echinococcosis, fascioliasis, gastrointestinal strongylatosis, and protozoan infections), infectious diseases (foot rot, scrapie, Maedi-Visna, pasteurellosis, brucellosis), and hereditary disorders. Our analysis revealed significant regional variations in disease prevalence, with southern and western regions of Kazakhstan exhibiting higher parasitic burdens, particularly for echinococcosis and fascioliasis. Recent molecular studies have identified promising genetic markers associated with disease resistance, notably polymorphisms in the MHC complex (particularly and loci) conferring protection against parasitic infections and the gene variants influencing scrapie susceptibility. Current disease control approaches in Kazakhstan predominantly rely on chemical treatments and vaccination programs, while genetic selection for disease resistance remains underutilized despite its demonstrated efficacy in international breeding programs. The integration of marker-assisted selection and genomic approaches represents a promising strategy for enhancing disease resistance while maintaining productivity in Kazakhstani sheep breeds. This review highlights critical knowledge gaps, particularly regarding the molecular epidemiology of hereditary disorders as a markers of ecological plasticity and the genetic basis of resistance to infectious diseases in local breeds, emphasizing the need for comprehensive surveillance programs and targeted research to develop sustainable disease management strategies for Kazakhstan's sheep industry.
本综述全面审视了哈萨克斯坦主要绵羊疾病的当前流行病学状况、遗传抗性机制及防控策略。该研究系统分析了三大主要疾病类别：寄生虫感染（包括棘球蚴病、片形吸虫病、胃肠道圆线虫病和原生动物感染）、传染病（腐蹄病、羊瘙痒病、梅迪 - 维斯纳病、巴氏杆菌病、布鲁氏菌病）以及遗传性疾病。我们的分析揭示了疾病流行率存在显著的区域差异，哈萨克斯坦南部和西部地区的寄生虫负担较重，尤其是棘球蚴病和片形吸虫病。近期的分子研究已确定了与抗病性相关的有前景的遗传标记，特别是主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）中的多态性（尤其是 和 位点）赋予了对寄生虫感染的保护作用，以及影响羊瘙痒病易感性的 基因变体。哈萨克斯坦目前的疾病防控方法主要依赖化学治疗和疫苗接种计划，而抗病性的遗传选择尽管在国际育种计划中已证明其有效性，但在该国仍未得到充分利用。标记辅助选择和基因组方法的整合是一种有前景的策略，可在保持哈萨克斯坦绵羊品种生产力的同时增强抗病性。本综述突出了关键的知识空白，特别是关于作为生态可塑性标记的遗传性疾病的分子流行病学以及当地品种对传染病抗性的遗传基础，强调需要全面的监测计划和针对性研究，以制定哈萨克斯坦绵羊产业可持续的疾病管理策略。
