Xin Kerong, Wu Siyu, Li Rong, Tan Chiyu, Jiang Yuanhong, Yu Jiazheng, Liu Xu, Li Shijie, Li Zhenhua, Chen Xiaonan
Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China.
Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China.
Nat Rev Urol. 2025 Sep 11. doi: 10.1038/s41585-025-01078-8.
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), characterized by bladder discomfort and lower urinary tract symptoms, is often either overtreated or undertreated owing to the complexity and variability of symptoms and the lack of reliable diagnostic tools, leading to reduced quality of life and prolonged illness. The pathophysiology of IC/BPS remains unclear, with multiple hypotheses - such as autoimmune inflammation, oxidative stress and urothelial dysfunction - offering potential explanations. Consequently, a diverse range of urinary biomarkers has emerged, although their diagnostic reliability remains inconsistent. As technology advances, biomarkers are increasingly shifting towards multiplex assays, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and cell-based methods; however, cutting-edge research and clinical validation are not yet integrated into the limited diagnostic tools available. Clinical phenotypes from the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network studies provide multi-level biomarker research - including molecular, imaging and other modalities - to support the diagnosis of IC/BPS. Integrating these observations will advance the development of precision medicine for the diagnosis of IC/BPS, thereby improving management of this complex condition.
间质性膀胱炎/膀胱疼痛综合征（IC/BPS）以膀胱不适和下尿路症状为特征，由于症状的复杂性和变异性以及缺乏可靠的诊断工具，该病常常要么治疗过度，要么治疗不足，从而导致生活质量下降和病程延长。IC/BPS的病理生理学仍不清楚，有多种假说，如自身免疫性炎症、氧化应激和尿路上皮功能障碍等，为其提供了潜在的解释。因此，出现了各种各样的尿液生物标志物，尽管它们的诊断可靠性仍然不一致。随着技术的进步，生物标志物正越来越多地转向多重检测，包括基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和基于细胞的方法；然而，前沿研究和临床验证尚未整合到现有的有限诊断工具中。慢性盆腔疼痛研究网络多学科研究方法的临床表型提供了多层次的生物标志物研究，包括分子、影像学和其他方式，以支持IC/BPS的诊断。整合这些观察结果将推动IC/BPS诊断的精准医学发展，从而改善对这种复杂疾病的管理。
