Role of Androgen Receptor in Melanoma: Mechanisms of Tumor Progression, Immune Evasion, and Therapeutic Implications.

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin cancers, with increasing rates of occurrence. Although it has not traditionally been considered hormonally driven, recent evidence links androgen receptor (AR) signaling to important aspects of melanoma biology, including tumor growth, metastasis, immune evasion, and resistance to therapy. Mechanistically, AR promotes melanoma progression by activating a pro-metastatic gene program, suppressing anti-tumor immune responses, and altering the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, emerging data indicate AR's involvement in resistance to chemotherapy and immune-based therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of AR's intricate role in melanoma, focusing on its molecular mechanisms, its impact on immune evasion and therapy resistance, and its potential clinical applications. We also assess AR-targeted strategies, including androgen deprivation therapy and AR antagonists, to improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Understanding AR's role in melanoma could lead to new treatment options, particularly for sex-specific patient groups.