Gil Javier, Velasco-Ortega Eugenio, Monsalve-Guil Loreto, Moreno-Muñoz Jesús, Rondón-Romero José Luis, Matos-Garrido Nuno, Jiménez-Guerra Álvaro, Núñez-Márquez Enrique, Ortiz-García Iván
Bioinspired Oral Biomaterials and Interfaces, Departament of Materials Science and Engineeering, Escola d'Enginyeria Barcelona Est, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
Comprehensive Dentistry for Adults and Gerodontology, Master in Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain.
Materials (Basel). 2025 Sep 2;18(17):4120. doi: 10.3390/ma18174120.
This review addresses four controversial aspects of shot blasting in the surface treatment of titanium dental implants. Shot blasting, which involves the projection of abrasive particles onto the titanium surface, is widely used to achieve surface roughness that promotes osteoblastic activity and, consequently, high levels of osseointegration. The first issue examined is the effect of residual alumina particles that remain embedded in the titanium surface after blasting. It has been shown that these residues-typically not exceeding 8% of the surface-can actually enhance osseointegration and even exhibit mild bactericidal properties. The second issue concerns the use of titanium dioxide particles for blasting. Our findings indicate that due to its low abrasiveness, titanium dioxide produces minimal surface roughness and low surface energy, resulting in limited osteoblastic adhesion, inferior fatigue performance, and reduced osseointegration compared to alumina-blasted surfaces. The third topic focuses on the role of compressive residual stress induced by grit blasting. Residual stress contributes to increased surface hydrophilicity, enhancing osteoblast adhesion and mineralization, as evidenced by elevated alkaline phosphatase levels. Finally, the fourth issue involves the effect of acid etching following grit blasting. This treatment introduces microroughness superimposed on the macroroughness generated by grit blasting. In vivo studies demonstrate that grit blasting is the primary driver of osseointegration, while acid etching provides only a marginal improvement in bone-implant contact.
本综述探讨了钛牙种植体表面处理中喷砂处理的四个争议性方面。喷砂处理是将磨料颗粒喷射到钛表面，广泛用于实现能促进成骨细胞活性并因此实现高水平骨整合的表面粗糙度。研究的第一个问题是喷砂后残留在钛表面的氧化铝颗粒的影响。已表明这些残留物——通常不超过表面的8%——实际上可增强骨整合，甚至具有轻微的杀菌特性。第二个问题涉及使用二氧化钛颗粒进行喷砂。我们的研究结果表明，由于其低磨蚀性，二氧化钛产生的表面粗糙度最小且表面能低，导致与氧化铝喷砂表面相比，成骨细胞附着力有限、疲劳性能较差且骨整合降低。第三个主题聚焦于喷砂产生的压缩残余应力的作用。残余应力有助于增加表面亲水性，增强成骨细胞附着力和矿化，碱性磷酸酶水平升高证明了这一点。最后，第四个问题涉及喷砂后酸蚀的影响。这种处理引入了叠加在喷砂产生的宏观粗糙度上的微观粗糙度。体内研究表明，喷砂是骨整合的主要驱动因素，而酸蚀仅在骨-种植体接触方面提供了微小改善。
