Sarankhuu Bolor-Erdene, Gantsolmon Enkhjin, Enkhtugs Khangai, Sankhuu Yanjmaa, Purevdorj Chantsaldulam, Yu Seong-Lan, Park Seok-Rae, Byambasukh Oyuntugs, Kang Jaeku
Priority Research Center, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea.
Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia.
J Clin Med. 2025 Sep 8;14(17):6344. doi: 10.3390/jcm14176344.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses an increasing burden in Mongolia, yet its impact on reproductive outcomes remains underexplored. This study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes between diabetic and non-diabetic women and assess whether diabetes duration influences adverse reproductive events. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 223 diabetic and 495 non-diabetic women attending outpatient clinics in Ulaanbaatar between October and December 2024. Data on reproductive history were collected using structured questionnaires. Pregnancy outcomes included miscarriage, stillbirth, abortion, and live birth. Logistic regression models were applied to assess associations, adjusting for age, marital status, education, smoking, alcohol use, age at menarche, and reproductive history. Mean age was 51.7 and 50.4 years for diabetic and non-diabetic women, respectively ( = 0.222). Diabetic women had more pregnancies (median: 4.00 vs. 3.00, < 0.001) and a higher likelihood of abortion (35.4% vs. 25.5%, = 0.004) and miscarriage (27.8% vs. 11.1%, < 0.001). Stillbirths were more frequent in diabetic (4.0% vs. 2.2%) but not statistically significant. Pregnancy problems (miscarriage and/or stillbirth) were more prevalent in diabetic women (29.6% vs. 12.7%, < 0.001). In adjusted models, diabetes was associated with higher odds of pregnancy problems (aOR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02-2.63, = 0.042), miscarriage (aOR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.21-3.40, = 0.007), and abortion (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.14-2.19, = 0.006). A dose response pattern was observed: miscarriage risk was higher in women with diabetes ≥10 years (OR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.55-4.62, < 0.001) than <10 years (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.08-2.96, = 0.023). Diabetes is independently associated with increased risks of miscarriage and abortion in Mongolian women, with longer disease duration further elevating this risk.
糖尿病（DM）在蒙古造成的负担日益加重，但其对生殖结局的影响仍未得到充分研究。本研究旨在比较糖尿病女性和非糖尿病女性的妊娠结局，并评估糖尿病病程是否会影响不良生殖事件。我们于2024年10月至12月在乌兰巴托的门诊诊所对223名糖尿病女性和495名非糖尿病女性进行了一项横断面研究。使用结构化问卷收集生殖史数据。妊娠结局包括流产、死产、人工流产和活产。应用逻辑回归模型评估关联，并对年龄、婚姻状况、教育程度、吸烟、饮酒、初潮年龄和生殖史进行了调整。糖尿病女性和非糖尿病女性的平均年龄分别为51.7岁和50.4岁（P = 0.222）。糖尿病女性怀孕次数更多（中位数：4.00对3.00，P < 0.001），人工流产（35.4%对25.5%，P = 0.004）和流产（27.8%对11.1%，P < 0.001）的可能性更高。糖尿病患者死产更频繁（4.0%对2.2%），但无统计学意义。妊娠问题（流产和/或死产）在糖尿病女性中更为普遍（29.6%对12.7%，P < 0.001）。在调整模型中，糖尿病与妊娠问题（调整后比值比[aOR]=1.64，95%置信区间[CI]：1.02 - 2.63，P = 0.042）、流产（aOR = 2.03，95% CI：1.21 - 3.40，P = 0.007）和人工流产（aOR = 1.58，95% CI：1.14 - 2.19，P = 0.006）的较高几率相关。观察到剂量反应模式：糖尿病病程≥10年的女性流产风险（比值比[OR]=2.67，95% CI：1.55 - 4.62，P < 0.001）高于病程<10年的女性（OR = 1.79，95% CI：1.08 - 2.96，P = 0.023）。糖尿病与蒙古女性流产和人工流产风险增加独立相关，病程越长，这种风险进一步升高。
