Wang Ze, Liu Ke, Zhao Xinming, Gao Jie
School of Police Law Enforcement Abilities Training, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China.
Department of Military Training, Officers College of PAP, Chengdu, China.
Front Physiol. 2025 Aug 28;16:1636595. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1636595. eCollection 2025.
To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different physical training environments and modalities on swimming performance and sport-specific skills in competitive swimmers using a two-tier network meta-analysis.
A systematic search of six databases identified 36 randomized controlled trials involving 844 competitive swimmers. A first-tier network meta-analysis compared aquatic, dry-land, and combined training environments across performance outcomes (25 m, 50 m, 100 m, 200 m times) and sport-specific metrics (start time, turn time, swim velocity, stroke rate, stroke length). A second-tier analysis further examined specific training modalities within combined and dry-land categories. Mean differences (MD) and standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported; interventions were ranked using surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA).
Combined training showed the highest efficacy across multiple outcomes. Compared to control, it significantly improved 100 m time (MD = -2.01 s; 95% CI: -2.87 to -1.16), swimming velocity (MD = 1.27 m/s; 95% CI: 0.61-1.94), stroke rate (SMD = 1.63; 95% CI: 0.92-2.34), and stroke length (SMD = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.23-1.49). In the second-tier analysis, water plus dry-land resistance training (W + DRT) ranked highest across 50 m, 100 m, swim velocity, and stroke metrics. Core training and power training showed specific benefits for 25 m sprint (MD = -0.90s; 95% CI: -1.79 to -0.01) and take-off velocity (MD = 0.18 m/s; 95% CI: 0.03-0.32).
Combined aquatic and dry-land training-especially W + DRT-most effectively improves swimming performance and sport-specific skills. Core and power training function as targeted adjuncts. These findings provide a concise, precision-based prescription for physical preparation in competitive swimming.
采用两层网络荟萃分析评估和比较不同体育训练环境及方式对竞技游泳运动员游泳成绩和专项运动技能的有效性。
对六个数据库进行系统检索，确定了36项涉及844名竞技游泳运动员的随机对照试验。第一层网络荟萃分析比较了水上、陆上和综合训练环境在成绩指标（25米、50米、100米、200米用时）和专项运动指标（出发时间、转身时间、游泳速度、划频、划幅）方面的差异。第二层分析进一步研究了综合训练和陆上训练类别中的特定训练方式。报告了平均差（MD）和标准化平均差（SMD）及其95%置信区间（CI）；使用累积排名曲线下面积（SUCRA）对干预措施进行排名。
综合训练在多个指标上显示出最高的效果。与对照组相比，它显著改善了100米用时（MD = -2.01秒；95% CI：-2.87至-1.16）、游泳速度（MD = 1.27米/秒；95% CI：0.61 - 1.94）、划频（SMD = 1.63；95% CI：0.92 - 2.34）和划幅（SMD = 0.86；95% CI：0.23 - 1.49）。在第二层分析中，水上加陆上阻力训练（W + DRT）在50米、100米、游泳速度和划水指标方面排名最高。核心训练和力量训练对25米冲刺（MD = -0.90秒；95% CI：-1.79至-0.01）和起跳速度（MD = 0.18米/秒；95% CI：0.03 - 0.32）显示出特定的益处。
水上和陆上综合训练——尤其是W + DRT——能最有效地提高游泳成绩和专项运动技能。核心训练和力量训练起到有针对性的辅助作用。这些发现为竞技游泳的体能准备提供了一个简洁、基于精准度的方案。
