Noor Anas Mohd, Al Farisi Muhammad Salman, Mazalan Mazlee, Ibrahim Nur Fatin Adini, Wahab Asnida Abdul, Zakaria Zulkarnay, Rusli Nurul Izni, Sabani Norhayati, Manaf Asrulnizam Abd
Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia.
Centre of Excellence for Sports Engineering Research Center, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia.
Sensors (Basel). 2025 May 30;25(11):3467. doi: 10.3390/s25113467.
Wearable sweat-sensing devices hold significant potential for non-invasive, continuous health monitoring. However, challenges such as ensuring data accuracy, sensor reliability, and measurement stability persist. This study presents the development of a wearable system for the real-time monitoring of human sweat sodium levels, addressing these challenges through the integration of a novel microfluidic chip and a compact potentiostat. The microfluidic chip, fabricated using hydrophilic materials and designed with vertical channels, optimizes sweat flow, prevents backflow, and minimizes sample contamination. The developed wearable potentiostat, as a measurement device, precisely measures electrical currents across a wide dynamic range, from nanoamperes to milliamperes. Validation results demonstrated accurate sodium concentration measurements ranging from 10 mM to 200 mM, with a coefficient of variation below 4% and excellent agreement with laboratory instruments (intraclass correlation = 0.998). During physical exercise, the device measured a decrease in sweat sodium levels, from 101 mM to 67 mM over 30 min, reflecting typical physiological responses to sweating. These findings confirm the system's reliability in providing continuous, real-time sweat sodium monitoring. This work advances wearable health-monitoring technologies and lays the groundwork for applications in fitness optimization and personalized hydration strategies. Future work will explore multi-biomarker integration and broader clinical trials to further validate the system's potential.
可穿戴汗液传感设备在无创、连续健康监测方面具有巨大潜力。然而，诸如确保数据准确性、传感器可靠性和测量稳定性等挑战依然存在。本研究展示了一种用于实时监测人体汗液钠水平的可穿戴系统的开发，通过集成新型微流控芯片和紧凑型恒电位仪来应对这些挑战。该微流控芯片采用亲水材料制造并设计有垂直通道，可优化汗液流动、防止回流并将样品污染降至最低。所开发的可穿戴恒电位仪作为测量设备，能在从纳安到毫安的宽动态范围内精确测量电流。验证结果表明，钠浓度测量准确，范围为10 mM至200 mM，变异系数低于4%，且与实验室仪器具有极佳的一致性（组内相关系数 = 0.998）。在体育锻炼期间，该设备测量到汗液钠水平下降，在30分钟内从101 mM降至67 mM，反映了出汗的典型生理反应。这些发现证实了该系统在提供连续、实时汗液钠监测方面的可靠性。这项工作推动了可穿戴健康监测技术的发展，并为健身优化和个性化补水策略的应用奠定了基础。未来的工作将探索多生物标志物整合以及更广泛的临床试验，以进一步验证该系统的潜力。
