Approaches for treating cardiovascular symptoms in Parkinson's disease.

Cardiovascular symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD), either as non-motor symptoms (NMS) of PD or as coexisting cardiovascular diseases (CVD), since both PD and CVD primarily affect the elderly population. Autonomic dysfunction in PD often involves blood pressure issues, including orthostatic hypotension, postprandial hypotension, and supine hypertension (SH). The combination of these NMS is particularly challenging to diagnose and treat. Other atherosclerotic vascular diseases, such as stroke or myocardial infarction, appear to be more common in PD patients. Prophylactic measures, such as statins or managing hypertension/SH, are essential for PD patients with an elevated risk of CVD, although PD patients usually undergo polypharmacy due to the short half-life of levodopa and the requirement of multiple drugs for CVD. This review presents studies in the literature on the current state-of-the-art therapy for CVD in PD.