Defres Sylviane, Navvuga Patricia, Moore Shona, Hardwick Hayley, Easton Ava, Michael Benedict Daniel, Kneen Rachel, Griffiths Michael, Medina-Lara Antonieta, Solomon Tom
Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
BMJ Open. 2025 Sep 18;15(9):e088473. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088473.
Thanks to the introduction of recent national guidelines for treating herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis, health outcomes have improved. This paper evaluates the health system costs and the health-related quality of life implications of these guidelines.
A sub-analysis of data from a prospective, multi-centre, observational cohort ENCEPH-UK study conducted across 29 hospitals in the UK from 2012 to 2015.
Data for patients aged ≥16 years with a confirmed HSV encephalitis diagnosis admitted for treatment with aciclovir were collected at discharge, 3 and 12 months.
Patient health outcomes were measured by the Glasgow outcome score (GOS), modified ranking score (mRS) and the EuroQoL; healthcare costs were estimated per patient at discharge from hospital and at 12 months follow-up. In addition, Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) were calculated from the EQ-5D utility scores. Cost-utility analysis was performed using the NHS and Social Care perspective.
A total of 49 patients were included; 35 were treated within 48 hours, 'early' (median (IQR) 8.25 [3.7-20.5]) and 14 were treated after 48 hours 'delayed' (median (IQR) 93.9 [66.7-100.1]). At discharge, 30 (86%) in the early treatment group had a good mRS outcome score (0-3) compared with 4 (29%) in the delayed group. According to GOS, 10 (29%) had a good recovery in the early treatment group, but only 1 (7%) in the delayed group. EQ-5D-3L utility value at discharge was significantly higher for early treatment (0.609 vs 0.221, p<0.000). After adjusting for age and symptom duration at admission, early treatment incurred a lower average cost at discharge, £23,086 (95% CI: £15,186 to £30,987) vs £42,405 (95% CI: £25,457 to £59,354) [p<0.04]. A -£20,218 (95% CI: -£52,173 to £11,783) cost difference was observed at the 12- month follow-up post discharge.
This study suggests that early treatment may be associated with better health outcomes and reduced patient healthcare costs, with a potential for savings to the NHS with faster treatment.
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