Fleshner Lauren, Sayegh Alyssa, Atak Mehmet Fatih, Hirani Rahim, Farabi Banu, Safai Bijan, Marmon Shoshana
School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
Dermatology Department, NYC Health + Hospital/Metropolitan, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Dermatopathology (Basel). 2025 Sep 12;12(3):31. doi: 10.3390/dermatopathology12030031.
Despite therapeutic advancements, malignant melanoma remains a leading cause of skin cancer-related mortality, with incidence continuing to rise globally. Traditional prognostic tools offer important clinical guidance but fail to capture the biological heterogeneity of melanoma or reliably predict responses to emerging therapies. In this review, we summarize recent advances in prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers reported over the past five years. We discuss immunohistochemical and tissue-based markers, circulating biomarkers, microRNAs, and gene expression profiles that enhance risk stratification and inform surveillance strategies. We also review immune-related markers that may predict response to immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Lastly, we highlight investigational biomarkers-including gene signatures, epigenomic alterations, and microbiome influences-that are shaping the future landscape. Together, these advances reflect a shift toward precision oncology in melanoma, with the integration of biomarker-driven strategies offering the potential to personalize treatment and improve patient outcomes.
尽管治疗方法不断进步，但恶性黑色素瘤仍然是皮肤癌相关死亡的主要原因，其发病率在全球范围内持续上升。传统的预后工具提供了重要的临床指导，但无法捕捉黑色素瘤的生物学异质性，也无法可靠地预测对新兴疗法的反应。在本综述中，我们总结了过去五年中报道的预后和预测分子生物标志物的最新进展。我们讨论了免疫组织化学和基于组织的标志物、循环生物标志物、微小RNA和基因表达谱，这些标志物可增强风险分层并为监测策略提供信息。我们还回顾了可能预测免疫检查点抑制剂治疗反应的免疫相关标志物。最后，我们重点介绍了正在研究的生物标志物，包括基因特征、表观基因组改变和微生物组影响，这些正在塑造未来的格局。总之，这些进展反映了黑色素瘤治疗向精准肿瘤学的转变，生物标志物驱动策略的整合有望实现个性化治疗并改善患者预后。
