Leziak Aleksandra, Lipina Julia, Reclik Magdalena, Kocelak Piotr
Students' Scientific Association, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Univeristy of Sielsia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
Metabolites. 2025 Sep 19;15(9):624. doi: 10.3390/metabo15090624.
Metabolic health is a dynamic equilibrium influenced by diet and lifestyle. This review synthesizes evidence on how specific dietary patterns and bioactive nutrients modulate metabolic disorders. Diets like the Mediterranean and DASH plans consistently improve cardiometabolic markers: a Mediterranean diet can halve metabolic syndrome prevalence (52% reduction) in as little as 6 months, while the DASH diet typically lowers systolic blood pressure by ~5-7 mmHg and modestly improves lipid profiles (LDL-C by ~3-5 mg/dL). Plant-based diets (vegetarian/vegan) are associated with lower BMI, improved insulin sensitivity, and reduced inflammation. Ketogenic diets induce rapid weight loss (12% body weight vs. 4% on control diets) and improve glycemic control (reducing HbA1c and triglycerides), though long-term effects (elevated LDL) warrant caution. Bioactive compounds present in these diets play critical roles: polyphenols improve insulin signaling and reduce oxidative stress (resveratrol supplementation reduced HOMA-IR by ~0.5 units and fasting glucose by ~0.3 mmol/L); omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) reduce triglycerides by ~25-30% and inflammation; and probiotic interventions modestly enhance glycemic control (lowering HOMA-IR and HbA1c) and gut health. Personalized nutrition approaches, which account for genetic and microbiome differences, are emerging to maximize these benefits. In conclusion, evidence-based dietary strategies rich in fiber, unsaturated fats, and phytochemicals can substantially improve metabolic health outcomes, underscoring the potential of tailored nutrition in preventing and managing obesity-related metabolic disorders.
代谢健康是一种受饮食和生活方式影响的动态平衡。本综述综合了关于特定饮食模式和生物活性营养素如何调节代谢紊乱的证据。地中海饮食和DASH饮食等饮食模式持续改善心脏代谢指标：地中海饮食在短短6个月内可使代谢综合征患病率减半（降低约52%），而DASH饮食通常可使收缩压降低约5 - 7 mmHg，并适度改善血脂状况（低密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低约3 - 5 mg/dL）。植物性饮食（素食/纯素食）与较低的体重指数、改善的胰岛素敏感性和减轻的炎症相关。生酮饮食可导致快速体重减轻（体重减轻约12%，而对照饮食为4%）并改善血糖控制（降低糖化血红蛋白和甘油三酯），不过长期影响（低密度脂蛋白升高）需谨慎对待。这些饮食中存在的生物活性化合物发挥着关键作用：多酚可改善胰岛素信号传导并减少氧化应激（补充白藜芦醇可使稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗降低约0.5个单位，空腹血糖降低约0.3 mmol/L）；ω-3脂肪酸（鱼油）可使甘油三酯降低约25 - 30%并减轻炎症；益生菌干预可适度增强血糖控制（降低稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗和糖化血红蛋白）并改善肠道健康。考虑到遗传和微生物组差异的个性化营养方法正在兴起，以最大化这些益处。总之，富含纤维、不饱和脂肪和植物化学物质的循证饮食策略可显著改善代谢健康结果，突出了定制营养在预防和管理肥胖相关代谢紊乱方面的潜力。
