Picado-Tejero David, Mendoza-Cerezo Laura, Rodríguez-Rego Jesús M, Carrasco-Amador Juan P, Marcos-Romero Alfonso C
Departamento de Expresión Gráfica, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
J Funct Biomater. 2025 Sep 4;16(9):328. doi: 10.3390/jfb16090328.
3D bioprinting has emerged as a key tool in tissue engineering by facilitating the creation of customized scaffolds with properties tailored to specific needs. Among the design parameters, porosity stands out as a determining factor, as it directly influences critical mechanical and biological properties such as nutrient diffusion, cell adhesion and structural integrity. This review comprehensively analyses the state of the art in scaffold design, emphasizing how porosity-related parameters such as pore size, geometry, distribution and interconnectivity affect cellular behavior and mechanical performance. It also addresses advances in manufacturing methods, such as additive manufacturing and computer-aided design (CAD), which allow the development of scaffolds with hierarchical structures and controlled porosity. In addition, the use of computational modelling, in particular finite element analysis (FEA), as an essential predictive tool to optimize the design of scaffolds under physiological conditions is highlighted. This narrative review analyzed 112 core articles retrieved primarily from Scopus (2014-2025) to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis. Despite recent progress, significant challenges persist, including the lack of standardized methodologies for characterizing and comparing porosity parameters across different studies. This review identifies these gaps and suggests future research directions, such as the development of unified characterization and classification systems and the enhancement of nanoscale resolution in bioprinting technologies. By integrating structural design with biological functionality, this review underscores the transformative potential of porosity research applied to 3D bioprinting, positioning it as a key strategy to meet current clinical needs in tissue engineering.
3D生物打印已成为组织工程中的一项关键工具，它有助于创建具有根据特定需求定制的特性的支架。在设计参数中，孔隙率是一个决定性因素，因为它直接影响关键的力学和生物学特性，如营养物质扩散、细胞粘附和结构完整性。本综述全面分析了支架设计的现状，强调了孔径、几何形状、分布和连通性等与孔隙率相关的参数如何影响细胞行为和力学性能。它还讨论了制造方法的进展，如增材制造和计算机辅助设计（CAD），这些方法允许开发具有分级结构和可控孔隙率的支架。此外，还强调了使用计算建模，特别是有限元分析（FEA），作为在生理条件下优化支架设计的重要预测工具。本叙述性综述分析了主要从Scopus（2014 - 2025年）检索到的112篇核心文章，以提供全面和最新的综合信息。尽管最近取得了进展，但重大挑战仍然存在，包括缺乏跨不同研究表征和比较孔隙率参数的标准化方法。本综述确定了这些差距，并提出了未来的研究方向，如开发统一的表征和分类系统以及提高生物打印技术的纳米级分辨率。通过将结构设计与生物学功能相结合，本综述强调了孔隙率研究应用于3D生物打印的变革潜力，将其定位为满足当前组织工程临床需求的关键策略。
